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Lot # 1133 - VALENS (364-378). GOLD Solidus. Antioch. Obv: D N VALENS PER F AVG. Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rev: RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE / (star) ANTA (star). Valentinian standing facing, head right, holding labarum with cross on banner and victoriola; cross potent to left.RIC 2d.xxxvii.1.Flavius Julius Valens was the younger brother of Valentinian I. After serving as protector domesticus (personal guard) of Julian II and Jovian, he immediately became emperor of the East in 364 thanks to his brother who was already Augustus of the West, although the two differed in faith. Valens in fact was an Arian, while Valentinian was a Nicene Christian. The first problem was presented by the usurper Procopius, comes of Antioch, who proclaimed himself Augustus of the East in 365. Valens defeated him, sentenced him to death and struck with damnatio memoriae. He later faced the Visigoths and a second conspiracy, hatched by Theodore of Antioch. In 374 Valens celebrated the decennalia and became Maximus Augustus in 375 on the death of his brother, after which he organized an expedition against the Persians that proved unsuccessful, forcing him to sign an unfavorable peace. Another problem was the confluence of Ostrogoths and Visigoths into Roman territory across the Danube because of the advance of the Huns. The Romans were forced to accept them, but this integration was not easy; the Visigoths felt oppressed and exploited as a labor-power, resulting in an insurrection. Valens, considered a general of little ability by his contemporaries, was thus induced to recruit Goth mercenaries, with the risk that they would end up allied with his enemies. In fact, a large contingent of Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Huns, and Alamanni joined forces to fight the Romans and achieved a decisive victory at Hadrianopolis (Thrace) in 378. The tremendous defeat was caused by Gratian, who was meanwhile on the Western throne and did not arrive in time with his troops. Valens died in the battle but the Goths failed to conquer Constantinople. According to Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum, the defeat at Hadrianopolis heralded the fall of the empire and the end of the world. Condition: Near extremely fine.Weight: 4.49 g. Diameter: 22 mm.
Lot # 1143 - ARCADIUS (383-408). GOLD Solidus. Constantinople. Obv: D N ARCADIVS P F AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed bust facing slightly right, holding spear and shield decorated with horseman motif.Rev: CONCORDIA AVGG Γ / CONOB. Constantinopolis seated facing on throne, head right, with foot set upon prow, holding sceptre and victoriola.RIC 7; Depeyrot 55/1.The eldest son of Theodosius I from Spain, Arcadius became augustus at the age of six. When his father left to end the usurpation of Eugenius and did not return, Arcadius remained in Constantinople in his stead and became augustus of the East at eighteen, while his brother Honorius got the West. The empire was now divided, Theodosius I was first seen as the unifier and then as the one who divided it forever. From this time on, the two empires had independent lives and slowly became more and more distinct from each other, and Arcadius was recognized as the first Byzantine emperor. Initially Arcadius reigned under his patron Rufinus, an ambitious politician from Aquitaine who frowned upon his equivalent in the West, Stilicho. The latter made a secret agreement with the Visigoth leader Gainas, who had been welcomed to Constantinople by Arcadius, and killed Rufinus. Stilicho thus prevailed in this dispute but was sentenced to death in 408, accused among other things of the murder of Rufinus himself. His place was then taken by the eunuch Eutropius, remembered in the sources as a cruel and vicious man. Eutropius tried to forge an alliance with Alaric, who now hold the balance of power between East and West. By putting his opponents to death and confiscating their wealth, he succeeded in getting Stilicho declared a public enemy and bring Africa under the control of the East in order to secure its grain, bringing the West to its knees and starving it. In any case, Arcadius was persuaded by the court to get Eutropius, who was in fact acting as the real emperor, out of the way and hit with damnatio memoriae as well. In his place was chosen Gainas himself, the Visigoth leader, who, however, was short-lived. The anti-barbarian mood that was fueled by influential figures, such as Patriarch John Chrysostom, resulted in a revolt in Constantinople against the Goths and, therefore, also against Gainas, and led to a massacre of the barbarians and the escape of their leader. At this point the reins of the empire were taken over by the emperor's wife, Aelia Eudoxia, as Arcadius proved incapable of governing. Aelia pushed Alaric to invade the West, receiving in turn fierce criticism from the patriarch and the hatred of much of the people. However, she died in 404 from an abortion, while Arcadius died of illness four years later. Condition: Good very fine.Weight: 4.49 g. Diameter: 20 mm.