440 - ANONYMOUS. AR Sestertius (211-208 BC). Rome. Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right, IIS (mark of value) to left.Rev: ROMA. The Dioscuri riding horses right.Crawford 44/7; RBW 176. Condition: Fine.Weight: 1.01 g. Diameter: 13 mm.

441 - ANONYMOUS. Denarius (211-208 BC). Central Italy. Apex and Hammer series. Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) behind.Rev: ROMA. The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars, apex and hammer above.Crawford 59/1a; RBW 232.Rare Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.49 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

442 - ANONYMOUS. Victoriatus (179-170 BC). Rome. Obv: Laureate head of Jupiter right.Rev: ROMA. Victory standing right, crowning trophy.Crawford 166/11; RBW -. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 2.27 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

443 - C. TERENTIUS LUCANUS. Denarius (147 BC). Rome. Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right; behind, Victory holding wreath above X (mark of value).Rev: C TER LVC / ROMA. The Dioscuri on horses rearing right, each holding spear.Crawford 217/1; RBW 932. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.47 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

444 - M. BAEBIUS Q.F. TAMPILUS. Denarius. (137 BC). Rome. Obv: TAMPIL. Helmeted head of Roma left; X (mark of value) to lower left.Rev: ROMA / M BAEBI Q F. Apollo, holding reins, branch, bow and arrow, driving quadriga right.Crawford 236/1a; RBW 975. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.91 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

445 - M. FURIUS L.F. PHILUS. Denarius (120 BC). Rome. Obv: M FOVRI L F. Laureate head of Janus.Rev: ROMA / PHILI. Roma standing left, holding sceptre and crowning trophy of Gallic arms and carnyxes to left.Crawford 281/1; RBW 1105. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.59 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

446 - L. POMPONIUS CN. F., L. LICINIUS AND CN. DOMITIUS. Serrate Denarius (118 BC). Rome. Obv: L POMPONI CNF. Helmeted head of Roma right; mark of value to left.Rev: L LIC CN DOM. Gallic warrior (Bituitus?) driving biga right, holding shield, carnyx and spear.Crawford 282/4; RBW -. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.70 g. Diameter: 21 mm.

447 - M. SERGIUS SILUS (116-115 BC). Denarius. Rome. Obv: ROMA EX S C. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) behind.Rev: M SERGI SILVS. Horseman riding left, holding sword, shield and severed head; Q below horse.Crawford 286/1; RBW 1115. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.85 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

448 - L. MANLIUS TORQUATUS. Denarius (113-112 BC). Rome. Obv: ROMA. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) below chin; all within wreath.Rev: L TORQVA / EX S C. Warrior on horseback left; Q in right field.Crawford 295/1; RBW 1135. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.79 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

449 - P. LAECA. Denarius (110-109 BC). Rome. Obv: ROMA / P LÆCA. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) to right.Rev: PROVOCO. Roman warrior standing left, placing his hand above the head of a citizen; to right, lictor standing left.Crawford 301/1; RBW -. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.72 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

450 - L. FLAMINIUS CHILO. Denarius (109-108 BC). Rome. Obv: ROMA. Helmeted head of Roma right; X (mark of value) to lower right.Rev: L FLAMINI / CILO. Victory driving biga right, holding reins and wreath.Crawford 302/1; RBW 1144. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.73 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

451 - Q. LUTATIUS CERCO. Denarius (109-108 BC). Rome. Obv: ROMA / CERCO. Head of Roma (or Mars) right, wearing crested helmet, decorated with plume and two stars; mark of value to left.Rev: Q LVTATI / Q. Galley right with head of Roma on prow; to left, radiate head right (Sol or Apollo?); all within wreath.Crawford 305/1; RBW 1146. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.74 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

452 - L. THORIUS BALBUS. Denarius (105 BC). Rome. Obv: I S M R. Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin.Rev: L THORIVS / BALBVS. Bull charging right; X above.Crawford 316/1; RBW 1168 var. (letter on rev.). Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.82 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

453 - L. APPULEIUS SATURNINUS. Denarius (104 BC). Rome. Obv: Helmeted head of Roma left.Rev: L SATVRN. Saturn driving quadriga right, holding harpa and reins; •/•C below.Crawford 317/3b; RBW 1171 var. (control). Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.72 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

454 - C. COILIUS CALDUS. Denarius (104 BC). Rome. Obv: Helmeted head of Roma left.Rev: CALD. Victory driving biga left, holding reins; control in exergue.Crawford 318/1b; RBW 1173 var. (control letter). Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.59 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

455 - D. SILANUS L.F. Brockage Denarius (91 BC). Rome. Obv: ROMA. Mask of bearded Silenus right; B to left; all within torque.Rev: Incuse and reverse of obverse.Cf. Crawford 337/1b. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.91 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

456 - P. FURIUS CRASSIPES. Denarius (84 BC). Rome. Obv: AED CVR. Turreted head of Cybele right; foot to left.Rev: CRASSIPES. Curule chair inscribed P FOVRIVS.Crawford 356/1a; RBW -. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.69 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

457 - C. MAMILIUS LIMETANUS. Serrate Denarius (82 BC). Rome. Obv: Draped bust of Mercury right, wearing petasus; to left, control letter M above caduceus.Rev: C MAMIL / LIMETAN. Ulysses advancing right, holding staff and extending hand to his dog Argus.Crawford 362/1; RBW 1370 var. (control-mark). Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 3.57 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

458 - C. MAMILIUS LIMETANUS. Serrate Denarius (82 BC). Rome. Obv: Draped bust of Mercury right, wearing petasus; to left, control letter N above caduceus.Rev: C MAMIL / LIMETAN. Ulysses advancing right, holding staff and extending hand to his dog Argus.Crawford 362/1; RBW 1370 var. (control-mark). Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.74 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

459 - A. POSTUMIUS A.F. SP.N. ALBINUS. Serrate Denarius (81 BC). Rome. Obv: HISPAN. Veiled head of Hispania right.Rev: POST A F / S N / ALBIN / A. Togate figure standing left, raising hand; aquila to left, fasces to right.Crawford 372/2; RBW 1393. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.66 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

460 - L. RUSTIUS. Denarius (74 BC). Rome. Obv: S C. Helmeted head of Mars right; mark of value to lower right.Rev: L RVSTI. Ram standing right.Crawford 389/1; RBW 1423. Condition: Extremely fine.Weight: 3.91 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

461 - C. HOSIDIUS C.F. GETA. Serrate Denarius (64 BC). Rome. Obv: III VIR / GETA. Diademed and draped bust of Diana right, with bow and quiver over shoulder.Rev: C HOSIDI C F. Calydonian Boar standing right, pierced by spear and harried by hound below.Crawford 407/1; RBW 1455. Condition: Good very fine; edge fault.Weight: 3.68 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

462 - L. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS PAULLUS. Denarius (62 BC). Rome. Obv: PAVLLVS LEPIDVS CONCORDIA. Diademed and veiled bust of Concordia right.Rev: TER / PAVLLVS. Trophy; to right, L. Aemilius Paullus in toga standing left; to left, three captives (King Perseus of Macedon and his two sons).Crawford 415/1; RBW 1497. Condition: Good very fine.Weight: 4.04 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

463 - JULIUS CAESAR. Denarius (49 BC). Military mint traveling with Caesar. Obv: CAESAR. Elephant advancing right, trampling upon horned serpent.Rev: Emblems of the pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, securis and apex.Crawford 443/1; CRI 9; RBW 1557.With the beginning of the Civil Wars, this is the first coin issued in open defiance of the Senate, bearing the name of a private individual. There is no agreement on the place of issue, Crawford attributes it to an itinerant mint. According to D. Van Meter (The Hanbook of Roman Imperial Coins) the coin, was minted in 49-48 to finance the invasion of Italy, the allegory would refer to the salvation of the Republic (the snake/dragon), crushed by Metellus Scipio (whose gens had an elephant depicted on their coins). It is generally believed that it is a dragon that is trampled upon; the African elephant would not only allude to the victory against Ariovistus in 58 BC (the dragon was on the banner of the Germans) but also to the name of Caesar, who discovered the existence of a homograph word for elephant in the Mauri' language in Mauretania. Religious emblems here depicted are symbols of priestly offices: the jug and the lituus representing the functions associated with the Pontefices and the Augures. Both ensure the legitimacy of all political action, ensuring the salvation of the Roman state through respect for the divine will. Caesar himself holds most of the religious offices and uses them for propaganda purposes in a new type of coin that emphasises his supreme authority. Condition: Extremely fine; some luster in field.Weight: 4.02 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

464 - JULIUS CAESAR. Denarius (49 BC). Military mint traveling with Caesar. Obv: CAESAR. Elephant advancing right, trampling upon horned serpent.Rev: Emblems of the pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, securis and apex.Crawford 443/1; CRI 9; RBW 1557.With the beginning of the Civil Wars, this is the first coin issued in open defiance of the Senate, bearing the name of a private individual. There is no agreement on the place of issue, Crawford attributes it to an itinerant mint. According to D. Van Meter (The Hanbook of Roman Imperial Coins) the coin, was minted in 49-48 to finance the invasion of Italy, the allegory would refer to the salvation of the Republic (the snake/dragon), crushed by Metellus Scipio (whose gens had an elephant depicted on their coins). It is generally believed that it is a dragon that is trampled upon; the African elephant would not only allude to the victory against Ariovistus in 58 BC (the dragon was on the banner of the Germans) but also to the name of Caesar, who discovered the existence of a homograph word for elephant in the Mauri' language in Mauretania. Religious emblems here depicted are symbols of priestly offices: the jug and the lituus representing the functions associated with the Pontefices and the Augures. Both ensure the legitimacy of all political action, ensuring the salvation of the Roman state through respect for the divine will. Caesar himself holds most of the religious offices and uses them for propaganda purposes in a new type of coin that emphasises his supreme authority. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.87 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

465 - L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS and C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. Denarius (49 BC). Military mint in the East. Obv: Triskeles, with winged head of Medusa in center and grain ears between legs.Rev: LENT - MAR / COS. Jupiter standing facing, head right, holding thunderbolt and eagle.Crawford 445/1b; CRI 4; RBW 1562. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.73 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

466 - ALBINUS BRUTI F. Denarius (48 BC). Rome. Obv: PIETAS. Head of Pietas right.Rev: ALBINVS BRVTI F. Caduceus superimposed by two clasping hands.Crawford 450/2; RBW 1577. Condition: Good very fine.Weight: 3.62 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

467 - Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS PIUS SCIPIO. Denarius (47-46 BC). Military mint traveling with Scipio in Africa. Obv: Q METEL / PIVS. Laureate head of Jupiter right.Rev: SCIPIO / IMP. Elephant advancing right.Crawford 459/1; RBW 1601. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.66 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

468 - M. PORCIUS CATO. Quinarius (47-46 BC). Utica. Obv: M CATO PRO PR. Head of Liber right.Rev: VICTRIX. Victory seated right on throne, holding wreath and palm frond.Crawford 462/2; CRI 47; RBW -. Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 1.90 g. Diameter: 14 mm.

469 - JULIUS CAESAR. Fourrèe Denarius (47-46 BC). Uncertain mint in North Africa, possibly Utica. Obv: DICT ITER COS TERT. Head of Ceres right, wearing grain wreath.Rev: AVGVR / PONT MAX. Emblems of the augurate and pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, guttus and lituus; D to right.Cf. Crawford 467/1a (for prototype). Condition: Near very fine.Weight: 2.62 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

470 - L. PAPIUS CELSUS. Denarius (45 BC). Rome. Obv: Head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin headdress.Rev: CELSVS III VIR / L PAPIVS. Lupa standing right, placing stick on fire; to right, eagle standing left, fanning the flames.Crawford 472/1; RBW 1647. Condition: Near extremely fine.Weight: 4.16 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

471 - JULIUS CAESAR. Denarius (44 BC). Rome. P. L. Clodius M.F., moneyer. Obv: IMP CAESAR. Wreathed head right.Rev: P CLODIVS / M F. Mars standing facing, head left, holding spear and sword in scabbard.Crawford 494/16; CRI 114.Extremely rare Condition: Fair.Weight: 3.61 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

472 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (42 BC). Military mint traveling with Antony in Greece. Obv: M ANTONI IMP. Bare head right.Rev: III VIR R P C. Distyle temple, containing facing head of Sol on disk.Crawford 496/1; CRI ; RBW -. Condition: Fine.Weight: 3.56 g. Diameter: 17 mm.

473 - C. CASSIUS LONGINUS. Denarius (42 BC). Military mint moving with Brutus and Cassius, probably at Smyrna. P. Lentulus Spinther, legatus. Obv: C CASSI IMP / LEIBERTAS. Diademed and draped bust of Libertas right.Rev: LENTVLVS SPINT. Capis and lituus.Crawford 500/3; RBW 1762. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.57 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

474 - SEXTUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS PIUS. Brockage Denarius (37/6 BC). Uncertain Sicilian mint. Obv: MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Bare head right; jug to left, lituus to right.Rev: Incuse and reverse of obverse.Crawford 511/3a; RBW 1785. Condition: Fine.Weight: 3.17 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

475 - MARK ANTONY & OCTAVIAN. Denarius (41 BC). M. Barbatius Pollio, quaestor pro praetore. Ephesus. Obv: M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P C M BARBAT Q P. Bare head of Mark Antony right; to right, countermaked N.Rev: CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR R P C. Bare head of Octavian right.Crawford 517/2; CRI 243; RBW 1798. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.44 g. Diameter: 19 mm.

476 - OCTAVIAN. Denarius (40 BC). Military mint traveling with Octavian in Italy; Q. Salvius, moneyer. Obv: C CAESAR III VIR R P C. Bare head right.Rev: Q SALVIVS IMP COS DESG. Winged thunderbolt.Crawford 523/1b; CRI 300; RBW -. Condition: Extremely fine.Weight: 3.17 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

477 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (37 BC). Antioch or military mint traveling with Canidius Crassus in Armenia. Obv: ANTONIVS AVGVR COS DES ITER ET TERT. Bare head right.Rev: IMP TERTIO III VIR R P C. Armenian tiara right, decorated with three stars; all over crossed bow and arrow.Crawford 539/1; CRI 297; RBW 1828.This Denarius commemorates the victory achieved in Armenia by Publius Canidius Crassus, general and lieutenant of Mark Antony. Crassus served under Lepidus in southern Gaul in 43 BC, then after the War of Perugia became suffect consul in 40. In 37 he was sent with six legions to Armenia, where he demonstrated great military and strategic qualities, defeating the king of Iberia Farnabazus II and then attacking Albania. Crassus then defeated the local king Zober and concluded advantageous alliance agreements. The operation had been ordered by Mark Antony in preparation for the more challenging offensive against the Parthians, occupying a strategic region that would allow him to attack the enemy from the north, avoiding passing through the Mesopotamian desert. Canidius Crassus joined the army of Mark Antony in 36 BC but the Parthian campaign proved a disaster. In 34 BC he also participated in the campaign against the Armenian king Artavasdes II and other operations in the East. During the war against Octavian Canidius Crassus remained loyal to Mark Antony but began to come into conflict with him mainly because of Cleopatra's interference. After the battle of Actium he also fled to Egypt, leaving the legions in the hands of Octavian. Following the suicide of Antony and Cleopatra, Canidius Crassus was captured and put to death. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.76 g. Diameter: 20 mm.

478 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (32-31 BC). Patrae(?). Legionary issue. Obv: ANT AVG / III VIR R P C. Galley right.Rev: LEG - VI. Aquila right between two signa.Crawford 544/19; CRI 356; RBW 1841. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.15 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

479 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (32-31 BC). Patrae(?). Legionary issue. Obv: ANT AVG / III VIR R P C. Galley right.Rev: LEG - XI. Aquila right between two signa.Crawford 544/25; CRI 362; RBW -. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.14 g. Diameter: 18 mm.

480 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (32-31 BC). Patrae(?). Legionary issue. Obv: ANT AVG / III VIR R P C. Galley right.Rev: LEG - II. Aquila right between two signa.Crawford 544/14; CRI 349; RBW 1838. Condition: Very fine.Weight: 3.52 g. Diameter: 17 mm.

481 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (32-31 BC). Patrae(?). Legionary issue. Obv: ANT AVG / III VIR R P C. Galley right.Rev: LEG - X. Aquila right between two signa.Crawford 544/24; CRI 361; RBW -. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.27 g. Diameter: 17 mm.

482 - MARK ANTONY. Denarius (32-31 BC). Patrae(?). Legionary issue. Obv: ANT AVG / III VIR R P C. Galley right.Rev: LEG XVIII. Legionary eagle between two standards.Crawford 544/33; RBW -. Condition: Good fine.Weight: 3.13 g. Diameter: 18 mm.